Edward the Confessor built a wooden palace at Westminster. He also built Westminster Abbey.
The historical division between the commercial centre (The City) and the government (Westminster) started in the middle of the 11th century.
Plagues happened often and constantly, so the population was never higher than the 50.000 inhabitants from the Roman times. The Black Death ((1348) killed half the population of London.
The first made-of-stone London Bridge was built in 1209 and lasted 600 years. It was the only bridge over the Thames until 1750, when Westmister Bridge was built.
Little survived the Great Fire of 1666, but you can find sites and remains from this time in:
The Tower of London
Westminster Abbey
The Museum of London
Tate Britain
National Gallery
The Clink Prison Museum's rose window
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